Political Economy (Theories of Late Capitalism) Essay - 1

Political Economy (Theories of Late Capitalism) - Essay Example American economy, also, is no exception to it. For instance, after The World War-2, America emerged as economic giant because of rapid progress in different fields, but hardly a decade had passed that The US confronted Great Depression. It was asserted that stock market collapse was the major cause of the great depression and â€Å"as the consequence of this stock market collapse, an unparalleled depression overtook United States† (Majumdar et al 234). The way America made achievements during era of industrialization and during the World War-1; she could not withstand stock speculation and its ultimate consequences. Leading points for the United States’ rise to power. America with its progressive policies marked its existence as economic giant and witnessed economic boom once again after decade of Great Depression was over and particularly in the post World War 2 era. The leading points which led to the rise of American economy initially include many things. To begin with America gave suppleness in taxation. It made taxation as easy as possible. Secondly, it applied theories of monetary pull and occupied employment financial plan. Thirdly, it included in its economic policy to include quantitative targets for the economy. Fourthly, a growth model of economy was put into practice rather than earlier cyclical model which allowed just transaction of the same. Finally, substitute of the impression of being without a job as a structural predicament by a consciousness of a low down combined stipulate. Mechanisms that Immanuel Waller stein credits with weakening US power. The mechanisms which Immanuel Waller stein consider for the weakening og American superpower are also various. In this pretext, to begin with, geographic expansion of the European world-economy to include the whole of the globe shook US economy. In the second place, the expansion meant the elimination of other world-systems as well as the absorption of the

Problem gambling and monetary issues Essay Example for Free

Problem gambling and monetary issues Essay To begin, the addiction of gambling is very harmful and changes people. A gambling addict follows certain behaviors such as being secretive many also exhibit mood swings (Oak). Addicts may begin feeling as though they are depressed, anxious, faint, or a lack of ability to sleep (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). Gambling can become a strong passion that takes over; it gives way to crimes like theft and forgery (Torr 23, 51). Most Gamblers use gambling as a way to hurt themselves because they are insecure (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction an Treatment†). This is a result of the lack of care one has making it harmful to the gambler. In addition, a gambler gets into monetary issues without any intention. Addiction gamblers are those who spend everything they have without control and cannot stop (Oak). This type play without caution spending and not caring whether they win or lose (Oak). Those who are most likely to become addicts are unemployed males between their 20s-30s (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). A compulsive gambler usually gets started by having one big win and afterwards can’t contain themself (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). This addiction in particular can be considered a disease (Torr 53). It leads to reckless spending that can hurt their altogether income and because of unconscious action of doing so, gambling is considered a disease. Even more so, the sport began to be considered an addiction. Gambling became recognized as an addiction in 1980, â€Å"The American Psychiatric Association classified gambling as a disorder of impulse in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual†,(Vats and Weinberg) and this established that heavy gambling was considered a disease. This also established the fact that if gambling is a disease, then it is beyond a persons control, â€Å"Could people really gamble away their finances willingly† (Vats and Weinberg)? While in the act of gambling a person will receive a boost of adrenaline, this rush makes it possible to become addicted and spend more recklessly (Vats and Weinberg). The sport is just as addicting as smoking or drinking (Torr 49). Because a gambler has no direct control over him/her, it is considered addicting. Continually, participating in the act of gambling itself is immoral. Religiously, the sport falls under the sin of greed which is a deadly sin (Torr 22). Also, the Tenth Commandment, which is to not covet thy neighbors goods, is broken (Torr 22). Instead of merely just wanting the money, it is being taken and people become victimized by this (Torr 22). In these ways, the poor can be exploited, spending all money that should be used for a family’s or self well-being is wasted away (Torr 22). Being in the position to gamble leads to more immoral actions taken throughout life. Even more so, gambling can cause for trouble in the law. Not only does it lead to crimes such as: forgery, fraud, theft, but can break federal laws by embezzlement (Torr 51). Gamblers have a tendency to spend more money as they play and soon run out of sufficient funds (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). A gambler needs sufficient funds and when there are no more, the result is illegal acts of obtaining money (Torr 51). Other ways of obtaining money might be to ask colleagues and they are usually never paid back (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). However a gambler will still spend recklessly (oak). In the end, gamblers tend to disregard any rules or persons who will keep him/her from gambling. Now people look towards more advanced technology to escape the criticism of their peers. For many, the online world of gambling can be a safe haven. They are paid by credit card and most never get paid (Haugen 70). This factor makes it allowable to gamble outside of areas supervised by the U. S. (Haugen 70). Because of online gambling being out of the U.S. , the states are deprived of their tax revenues, and even then the online casinos make less money (Haugen 71). Online casinos can even attract the under aged because this allows teenagers to gamble with only their parents credit card and on the other side the computer doesn’t know the difference (Haugen 70). As one continues to gamble, he or she continues to splurge large amounts of money and other valuables (Oak). A gambler is thus blinded by his or her actions and continues to excess gamble. However, this dangerous habit of gambling can have strong repercussions on family and personal life. One drifts away from the family and will quit going to work (Oak). When life is dominated by the activity of gambling, it is all that is thought about and done (â€Å"Compulsive Gambling Addiction and Treatment†). An honest person begins to lie to their family and change behaviors ultimately (Torr 51). Not only is the family deprived of quality time spent together but its funding (Torr 23). As a matter of fact, a family cannot be supported on a gamblers pay, all the money goes towards the casinos as well as the gamblers time. As a final point, an addiction to gambling is a serious issue. It can control ones life and lead to other problems in life. Even medically, gambling can be considered a disease and causes one to be obsessed with the act. Not only is it addicting but also immoral and hurts other people around the gambler. A family or friend can be hurt by these actions. In all, gambling hurts a person and the people around them, it is wrong.

The Curse Of The Dot Com :: essays research papers

The Curse of the Dot Com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the last few years, we have all seen commercials and other advertisements for all kinds of Internet companies. It started an Internet revolution, including such common things as shopping, stock trading, even entertainment. Recently, however, many have noticed that so many of these once growing companies no longer exist. They filed bankruptcy. Why? Because this new market became saturated, and there was not enough demand to support all of the companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here’s an example; Mother Nature dot com. The company went belly up in 2000, and actually started the trend. We all saw the ads for Mother Nature dot com, they were the ones with all the natural health supplements. The problem was, the supplement trend is still new, and people jumping on the wagon want to have it as soon as possible, and Mother Nature was an online mail order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then there’s the most famous belly-up dot com; Pets dot com. Everyone knew their slogan; â€Å"Pets dot com, because pets can’t drive.† They had the funny little sock puppet dog as a spokesman. Publicity wasn’t their problem. As a pet owner, I can tell you that when I get something for my dogs, I don’t know what I’ll get before I leave the store. I need to browse the store to know what there is. An Internet site won’t let you just see what’s there, you can’t feel it, or touch it. Sure, that system works well if you know what you want, but what if you’re not sure?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet companies are going bankrupt mainly because not that many people like the idea of not seeing, touching, etc., what they bought until a week or more after they bought it. You can see some harm to on site stores from dot coms; it helped Wards to close their doors.

The Safety Net Program Health And Social Care Essay

The Safety Net plan administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is a school based intercession plan. A † Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth † , was administered to 160 pupils, at Richardson West Junior High School, during the 2009 – 2010 school old ages. The pupils are referred for plan engagement by parents, instructors or other school forces for bar or early intercession of behavioural concerns that hinder school success. However, plan engagement is voluntary and even with parental permission ; pupil must exhibit willingness for plan engagement. Safety Net is a ten- hebdomad equal facilitated course of study based intercession theoretical account, administered during the school twenty-four hours. The Safety Net plan provides a full scope of bar and early intercession services including preventative instruction, reding and accomplishments preparation. The Ohio – Young person Problem, Functioning, and Satisfaction Scales, is the assessment instrument administered to plan participants for outcome step. The 48-question short reply signifier measures pupils perceived jobs, compared with pupils perceived operation, within the past 30 yearss. The assessment instrument, administered in the signifier of a pre and post-test study, administered prior to intercession and once more at the apogee of the ten-week Safety Net plan engagement. By comparing, the average norm of the 160 pupil participants pre and post- trial tonss, measuring for capable group norm of each, measuring for statistical difference, after plan completion to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan for this capable group.Evaluation of the effectivity of the Safety Net planAn scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. Coupled with an analysis of descri ptive statistical informations from the Safety Net plan, for the intent of plan rating the Safety Net plan will turn out to be an effectual intercession method, for the 160 kids -student engagement group. The determination to research the subject of the effectivity of school based intercession plans came as the consequence of a practicum experience as a Safety Net counsellor, while functioning as a alumnus pupil houseman for the Child and Family Guidance Center, in Dallas, TX, spring 2010. As a societal work professional and former particular instruction instructor, the wellbeing of kids and the plans and intercession methods used to handle them is personally relevant. Child welfare societal policy remains an evolving precursor, in America, which sustains the seasonableness of this organic structure of research. Many school-based intercession plans receive federal support therefore ; all taxpaying citizens are stakeholders in the wellbeing of today ‘s kids who are the kernel of social hereafter and hence, this research is comparative and informational to a wide audience. The Family and Child Guidance Centers Inc, assumed name Child and Family Guidance Centers is a non-profit corporation functioning households impacted by mental unwellness, kid maltreatment and disregard, bad behaviours, and substance maltreatment. The bureaus mission is, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. â€Å" Established in 1896, Child and Family Guidance Center has nurtured kids, strengthened households, and sceptered persons by supplying comprehensive solutions to life ‘s jobs through guidance, instruction, public consciousness, and community partnerships for over 113 old ages. The Safety Net Plan is one of many plans included under the parent organic structure of services that Child and Family Guidance Center provides. Others include Psychiatric & A ; Therapy Based Servicess for Adults, Children, and Families Program. This equips households with skills/resources to cut down chronic jobs including me ntal unwellness, household force, kid maltreatment, and homelessness through an array of household focused, mental wellness services.A Intensive Services for Children with Mental Illness ( Severe Emotional Disturbance ) Program provides intensive clinical services to kids with the disablement of serious mental unwellness to enable them to successfully work in their place and school environments and to efficaciously passage to maturity. Using a â€Å" wrap-around † attack, they provide community-based services to turn to behavioural wellness demands utilizing strength-based ends and the integrating of community services. Co-occurring Mental Health & A ; Substance Abuse Services Program provides prevention/intervention services to youth with behavioural issues that put them at hazard for substance abuse/addiction. Equally good as supplying intervention to persons diagnosed with co-occurring mental unwellness and substance maltreatment to cut down the negative effects of the dou ble diseases.A Parent & A ; Family Education – The Family and Community Education Program ( FACE ) serve households affected by kid maltreatment, divorce, or dysfunction.A It seeks to stabilise households by learning accomplishments to turn to jobs that stress household systems and put household members at risk.A ( Child and Family Guidance Center is the exclusive supplier of rearing instruction services to Child Protective Services for 19 county parts within the province of Texas. Finally, the Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, the school based intercession plan that serves as the beginning of this plan rating. Child and Family Guidance Center is a nationally acclaimed plan, renowned for its regard and indorsement by the Federal authorities, as proven by the continued successful acquisition of federal support and noteworthy usage of resources sanctioned with Federal indorsement. Child and Family Guidance Center has been a recognized spouse of the United- Way since 1924 ( Childandfamilies.info ) . Childs are a particular population, who possess a particular leaning for alteration hence, â€Å" it is easier to add strength than it is to deduct from failing † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 91 ) . By placing these pupils and turn toing, bad behaviours, in in-between school, places these pupils at an advantage, as they are able to have the necessary support to go resilient and the tools necessary for school success. â€Å" Having observed that every individual has the ability to get the better of hardship if of import protective factors are present in that individual ‘s life † , it is inherit that at hazard pupils are identified and receive intervention in school based intercession plans such as Safety Net ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Resilient kids have been found to possess four common properties: Social competency ( the ability to arouse positive responses from others, therefore set uping positive relationships with both grownups and equals ) . Problem- work outing accomplishments ( planning and resourcefulness in seeking aid from others ) Autonomy ( a sense of one ‘s ain individuality and an ability to move independently and exercise some control over one ‘s environment ) . A sense of intent and hereafter ( ends, educational aspirations, continuity, hopefulness, and a sense of a bright hereafter ) ( Benard, 1993, p. 44 ) . Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . Although pupils must come to the Safety Net plan volitionally, they must hold parental/ guardian permission, which includes a parental pre and station -test. This serves a signifier of parental support, in that parents must detect and be able to describe out on their pupils ‘ behaviour ( Cooper, 2000 ) . As good, Safety Net counsellors are required to document a lower limit of 10 contacts, with each participant, instructors, guardian or other mental wellness professional. This pattern cultivates an automatic support system for each single pupil participant. With cognition of plan engagement, pupils become unwittingly accountable to multiple grownups, who are likely concerned with their overall wellbeing. This pattern every bit good cultivates caring adult relationships that pupils may trust on, at the decision of the Safety Net plan. One of the first assignments given at the induction of the ten-week plan term is the choice of a â€Å" Safe Adult † by each pupil and both parties must subscribe a contractual understanding of answerability and support. The pupil is told to choose an grownup that they may reach in the event of crisis, need for support or advice. This is a support system of the pupils ain induction, this pattern cultivates job work outing accomplishments, liberty and a sense of intent ( Hallfors, 2006 ) . The above pattern of the Safety Net plan in cultivating, every pupil ‘s leaning for resilience besides, establishes the protective factors that are through empirical observation necessary for get the better ofing hardship ( Openshaw, p.92, 2008 ) . These factors documented as being necessary for get the better ofing hardship within the household, school and community. To the acclamation of the Safety Net Program, before of all time diging into the through empirical observation based course of study, every bit good predisposes, an environment conducive for resilience and wellness by: â€Å" Establish a lovingness environment † – at least one grownup who knows the kid good and cares deeply about the wellbeing of that kid. This plan affords each kid the liberty to place multiple lovingness grownups, at school, at place or in their community. This lovingness grownup is so in a place to expose in a non -threatening mode, â€Å" positive outlooks, high clearly articulated outlooks for each kid and the purposeful support necessary to run into those outlooks. Many pupils, by and large, would non place an grownup and petition, clear outlooks for behaviour. This plan affords each pupil â€Å" participation- meaningful engagement and duty ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Professional values and beliefs sing service as a Safety Net Counselor include but are non limited to the followers: As a professional societal worker interning within a non- societal work specific place, one must trust on NASW ‘s Code of Ethics as a usher to ethical determination devising ( NASW, 2002, Standard I ) , sing ethical quandary in keeping societal work values in a non-social work scene. This codification of behavior is particularly of import when working in an intern function, contracted with an bureau that places your service assignment inside another entity, such as a school. First, one must see the bureaus policies, which may or may non aline with societal work values and so the additive of adhering to the schools policies and processs, which may non aline with the overall values of the societal work profession. In cases such as this, it is imperative for societal workers to adhere, every bit closely as possible to the specified guidelines of both of their employing organic structures and when in uncertainty or struggle should mention to and adhere to NASW ‘s Code of Ethi cs. Ethical quandary are possible and likely in all degrees of pattern, but particularly during the Practicum experience, as the societal work professional is likely charting new professional land. Therefore, it is imperative for pupil housemans in all scenes to be familiar with bureau policy every bit good as their ain professional moralss, which will normally steer their values. Sing the facets of diverseness, school scenes, are normally comprised of diverse populations. These diverse populations range from socio- economic position, race, colour and national beginning to linguistic communication distinction and age. Sing age, when practising within a school puting one must be prepared and adequately equipped to address pupils, parents, school personnel/ other professionals and the community. A personal value in working with kids is the demand to get the hang and expose cultural competency and sensitiveness. This is an ethical authorization but as a former pedagogue and one with a deep affinity for the well- being of kids, it is imperative, to expose cultural competency and sensitiveness without unwittingly precipitating exclusion ( Fallick, 2008 ) . The Child and Family Guidance Center ‘s acceptance and execution of the â€Å" Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, † plan is likely motivated by the handiness of State and Federal support nevertheless the plan ‘s design is in maintaining with the bureaus overall mission, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. † Therefore, based on the bureaus stated mission, the bureau is likely passionate about the results of this peculiar plan. Intrinsically, the plans design is in maintaining with their mark audience, extrinsically the bureau receives wages for plan execution in the signifier of grant support. This combination of incentives creates a diverse, yet balanced motive for plan execution ( Fallick 2008 ) . The end of this plan rating is to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan. The coveted result is to turn out that school based intercession plans such as Safety Net is an effectual method for the intervention of behavioural and mental wellness concerns in kids. Make such plans, specifically the Safety Net Program, run into their stated aims of drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life-skill development for at-risk young person? It is one ‘s outlook that the execution of intercession in the signifier of course of study based, peer- facilitated groups will hold a permanent consequence on participants overall school success. This plans disposal occurs within the general instruction scene, and while plan participants exhibit behavioural concerns that preclude their engagement in more mainstream activities, engagement in the Safety Net plan is a preventive and early intercession scheme. By using evidence-based pattern, in the signifier of student-centered course of s tudy, cultivating resilience and developing a support system of each single pupil ‘s pick, the societal worker/ Safety Net Counselor is able to use their ego, their professional cognition every bit good as the pupil ‘s equals in a positive manner to consequence alteration. The ends and mark results set Forth by Safety Net plan Changes that will advance the coveted result of pupils ‘ success in school, including: Dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive Character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating Resiliency-the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals Life – accomplishments development, in the signifier, of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar Celebrated school Social Work expert ascertains that, â€Å" one possible solution to the dropout job is for societal workers to work closely with in-between schools to assist place those pupils who appear to be at hazard when they enter high school. These pupils may be in particular instruction or in alternate plans, may hold failed categories, or received reding from the school counsellor to assist them get by with school- related jobs † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 122 ) . This is exactly the standard norm for designation as a campaigner for the Safety Net plan, as administered at Richardson West Junior High School. Parents, instructors, counsellors and other school forces, place Safety Net plan participants, by placing pupils with inordinate absence, which is frequently an index of a household in demand of support, or a pupil who may be deliberately losing school or one whom is deliberately absent from certain categories during the school twenty-four hours. Students who receive in ordinate office referral or subject for behavioural misdemeanor, inordinate disciplinary action in the signifier of in- school and alternate arrangement based suspension. Equally good as the designation of pupils, who have had a demand to talk with school counsellors for aid in get bying with school-related jobs. Children are a really resilient client population, with bar and early intercession ; Safety Net counsellors are postured with the aid of single pupil ‘s immediate stakeholders to place at-risk pupils and illicit positive alteration, by implementing the course of study by design. With the necessary constituents in topographic point as afforded by the Project Success course of study, successful completion of the ten- hebdomad course of study based group Sessionss, an outlook for pupil betterment towards the targeted behaviours is high. By placing at-risk pupils, the Safety Net counsellor is able to â€Å" forestall jobs before they occur † . The plans, course of study is structured so that the pupil with the aid, of the Safety Net counsellor receives the confidence of caring grownups, designation of issues before they escalate and the constitution of a peer support group ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 123 ) . Apparent end distinction between, the bureau, the school and the community does non be. Social scientific discipline research ascertains that schools are the primary suppliers of mental wellness services for kids. As opposed to primary attention doctors and other mental wellness professionals who chiefly serve as the mental wellness interventionalist for grownups. Research ascertains school based intercession feasibleness based on the fact that kids are required to go to school ( Hoagwood, Holly, Erwin, 1997 ) . In kids mental, emotional and behavioural wellness troubles are most frequently foremost noted within the school scene and therefore should logically be addressed within the school scene, as the first line of intercession and furthermore prevented if and when possible ( Bums et al. , 1995 ) . The value of supplying mental wellness services in schools was first recognized in this state in 1898 in Chicago, IL, in response to a pupil study on physical and mental wellness. Based on the study ‘s findings, the Chicago school board authorized the first theoretica l account of school-based intercession programming for childhood mental wellness ( Gallic 1990 ) . The Safety Net plan, administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is one such school based intercession plan. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments preparation. The plan utilizes the Undertaking SUCCESS ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) Curriculum, a research-based intercession theoretical account plan recommended by the Federal Government ‘s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) ( CFGC, 2010 ) . The course of studies design seeks to cut down bad behaviours and better resilience factors in at-risk young person. An scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. These research findings paired with an analysis of statistical informations obtained via the Ohio- trial, from recent Safety Net plan participants, for the intent of plan rating will probably turn out the Safety Net plan as an effectual theoretical account of school based intercession method. Research conducted on school based intercession, ascertains that the survey of inventions and alteration in school systems is non new. What is advanced is a strict outcome rating of a household of school – based intercessions that targets the same job behaviour among a school age population. ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . An integrating of bing research coupled with the well-founded informations obtained as a contemplation of this plans unity in comparing with the national acclamation that the capable affair herein has received will turn out this integrative paper to be both timely and relevant to current societal policy sing the hereafter of young person. This mounting organic structure of research on school based intercession and bar continues to germinate and cultivate prevalence. Prevalence, in big due to its presentation in a big federal grant and National run from a pool of bureaus including ; ( Department of Education, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Center for Mental Health Services ) as portion of a Safe Schools/ Healthy Students federal enterprise ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . Undertaking Success, ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) was originally designed to forestall and cut down substance usage and maltreatment among high hazard, multi-problem striplings in alternate high school scenes. It was based on the Residential Student Assistance Program ( RSAP ) theoretical account used in residential stripling intervention installations, and adapted from the Westchester Student Assistance Program ( WSAP ) . The Student Assistance Program ( SAP ) theoretical account is similar to that of Employee Assistance Programs ( EAPs ) used to assist employees with substance usage or mental wellness concerns ( Shamblin, 2009 ) found six published studies that suggested that SAPs possibly effectual in cut downing substance usage and bettering academic public presentation for some striplings ; nevertheless, they reported that the surveies suffered from important methodological jobs. The Safety Net plan is chiefly based in the Systems theory of intervention, in that it assist pupils in the rating of their environment, in order to assist them thrive. It approaches all of the constituents that comprise a pupil ‘s life, place, school, equals, community and ego. There are a few definitions of systems, that comprise the theory as a whole ; Multiple definitions: A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts organizing a complex whole A constellation of parts joined together by a web of relationships The parts form a whole, which is greater than the amount of its parts For the intent of the research survey, most pupils fall into the class of organic systems, defined as: Dynamical patterns – parts accommodating to each other and to their environment as a whole Partss are massively entangled, interdependent Partss self-organize, learn, co-evolve organically Equilibrium in flux – sensitive to initial conditions System non replicable, ca n't reiterate past Emergent alteration – manage conditions of organic development and experimentation Unknown terra incognitas – test and mistake ( Pawlick, 2004 ) . The plan marks in-between school kids ; larning to accommodate and boom in their environment is a life accomplishment that is movable throughout the class of life. Giving pupils the tools to understand that their actions affect those around them, and that the actions of others affect them, is a critical constituent of the accomplishment set development that Safety Net seeks to administrate.The Safety Net plan, harmonizing to The Project Success, Curriculum Implementation Manuel ( p.21 ) is based on a organic structure of research known as the Prevention Education Series, a Safety Net Counselor conducts this educational series, it is comprised of little, structured, leader-directed, equal facilitated, treatment groups. The Series combines both didactic and experimental attacks to accomplish its ends. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments developing. By carry oning one-hour hebdomadal groups, for 10 hebdomads, the intercession is set into gesture. During the 10 hebdomads, the course of study outlines the undermentioned lessons, as a recommended format:a?â„ ¢Topic 1 Bing an Adolescent a?â„ ¢ Topic 2 Alcohol Tobacco, and other drugs a?â„ ¢ Topic 3 Family Pressures and Problems a?â„ ¢ Topic 4 Skills for Coping a?â„ ¢ Topic 5 Communication a?â„ ¢ Topic 6 Problem Recognition and Resolution a?â„ ¢ Topic 7 Stress direction and self-exploration a?â„ ¢Topic 8 Self esteem issues a?â„ ¢Topic 9 Anger direction a?â„ ¢Topic 10 Peer Pressure and Closing At the stopping point of the ten-week procedure, the pupils, receive the Ohio appraisal once more, as a posttest and an result step for finding if pupils developed an apprehension of the lesson, and the ability to implement the accomplishments. Harmonizing the Undertaking Success Manuel the expected results of the Safety Net plan are as follows: dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive. Through the lessons outlined in the course of study usher, the outlook is that pupils will have the necessary header and societal accomplishments for school success and high school bar. The following targeted result is character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating. The coveted result that follows character development is resilience, the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals. The concluding desired result of the Safety Net Program and Project Success course of study is life – accomplishments development, in th e signifier of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar. After plan referral, choice for the Safety Net plan, intercession method relies on the confidential showing signifier on which pupils personally identify behaviours, which place them in a bad class, of dropping out of school or other foreseeable behavioural, academic or legal jobs of a condemnable nature. This signifier assesses hazard, in order to place bad pupils. Once, pupils are deemed to be â€Å" high hazard † they are given a pre-test, they undergo 10 hebdomads of intercession, targeted behavioural alterations will be discussed in the organic structure of the paper. At the apogee of the ten- hebdomad intercession, pupils take a posttest ; these two trials receive scientific comparing as a agency of finding plan effectivity. As good, pupil ‘s parent or guardian takes a parental version of the same assessment tool ; parental informations will be included in the rating every bit good. Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . The pupils, which the Safety Net plan accepts for engagement, must exhibit a desire for plan engagement. Safety Net counsellors are advised non force or promote engagement of any pupils, who does non exhibit a willingness to be a portion of the group therapy procedure. The appraisal setup herein described as the Ohio – The Ohio Mental Health Consumer Outcomes System, Youth Problem, and Functioning and, Satisfaction Scale is an appraisal administered in the signifier a pre and posttest study incorporating 48 inquiries given to- both parents and pupil participants. The instrument consist of 20 inquiries in respect to day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to family and equal relatedness. Ethical considerations for working with kids, include the undermentioned Basic policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as this, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Act, NCLB- No Child Left Behind, and educational best patterns of each in relation to the NASW Code of Ethical motives The completion of this plan rating, defined as a set of doctrines and methods that aim to find â€Å" what works † in human service bringing systems ( Grinnell, 2007 ) . The completion of this plan rating utilized the execution of quantitative informations analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and a mated samples t-test as the methodological analysis. By implementing, the one group pretest-post trial as the research design, for the aggregation, each pupil ‘s pre and station Ohio trial mark. The mated samples t-test was ran to find the groups Ohio assessment norm mark, in order to find if a statistically important difference was present after finishing the Safety Net plan. For the intent of finding if plan engagement, depicts an betterment in this sample groups behavioural operation, as stated in response to the Ohio trial questionnaire. The hypothesis, established for this research design, states that the Safety Net plan would turn out to be an effectual intervention method for the sample group, which if proven, could probably reiterate, in a broader survey of the plan ‘s effectivity. The sample consisted of secondary informations, in the signifier of a pre and post-test collected on 120 pupil participants, during the 2009-2010 school old ages. The Ohio appraisal setup contained 48 inquiries given to pupil participants, as a agency of measuring pupils job badness in comparing to pupil ‘s degree of working anterior to intercession and at the apogee of 10 hebdomads of intercession. The instrument consists of 20 inquiries sing day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to school, place and equal relatedness. The statistics for the sample group are as follows: Pre- Trial Mean: 76 Standard Deviation 10 Post- Trial Mean:80 Standard Deviation: 8 T-stat: 3.9 The T- stat, finding of 3.9 is statistically important with a step degree.05, as the significance index. The information once and for all proves that the pupil ‘s degrees of perceptual experience sing working when compared with pupil perceived jobs, significantly increased after completion of the Safety Net Intervention plan. The consequences suggest that the pupils perceived working in relation to their jobs improved from 76 to 78. One defect in the researches design is that it does non see the Ohio tonss of the parents and instructors who may hold a more nonsubjective sentiment than the pupil is leting for a broader reading of result ( Grinnell, & A ; Unrau, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Durant, procedure result based plan rating, are limit the plan rating by neglecting to react to subsequent unfavorable judgment, by turn toing pertinent constituents of holistic rating. ( Durant, 2001 ) . Conducting, an through empirical observation based research survey is a strong project, which requires cognition, accomplishment and ability. The research contained herein, is a direct contemplation of the research workers ability and skill degree. The research procedure contained herein depicts capable command ; with a greater apprehension of the research procedure. The research worker, has a good working cognition of the Social Work profession, and is certain that with on the occupation preparation, greater penetration and accomplishment development will happen. The Social Worker herein described as the research worker, has strengths in many countries of societal work pattern to include, assessment, intervention, theory and pattern. The research worker every bit good developed a better apprehension of the research procedure as it applies to plan rating. Some restrictions include, statistics, which are a critical portion of grounds based societal work pattern. The alumnus degree research pupil is most appreciative of categories centered on Human behaviour and the societal environment, theory, research and policy. Through the completion of these classs, one develops an apprehension of societal systems constructs. The apprehension of aims and proposed results with regard to the person, group, household, organisation, community, societal/cultural, and planetary degree systems. Equally good as, the apprehension of the demands of each degree of the systems, that comprises each pupil ‘s life and the ability to assist them understand every bit good. Further an apprehension of the happening and opposition of alteration and the application of theory to each. An apprehension of the deductions of human development across the life span for societal work pattern – expound on pupils relationships to self, parents, equals and the systems surroundingaˆÂ ¦ including school, community, other service suppliers, etc. Basic societal work policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as Safety Net include, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Education Act, NCLB – No Child Left Behind and educational best patterns in relation to the NASW Code of Ethics. As a professional Social Worker the desire for continued development of accomplishments in the countries of plan analysis and rating are imperative. As one, holding set abouting a Renaissance man attack to acquisition, with a primary focal point on reding intercession methods, accomplishment development in the country of research and plan rating and the ability to interpret this information in a professional mode, to plan stakeholders and the general populace, is an country for future concentration. As a societal -worker, the ability to execute these undertakings good, will advance professional balance every bit good every bit service as a guiding force for the continuation of supplying grounds based pattern.MentionsBenard, B. ( 1993 ) . Fostering resilience in childs. Educational Leadership, 51 ( 3 ) , 44. Rotters, B.J. , Costello, E.J. , Agnold, A. , Tweed, D. , Farmer, E. M, Z. , & A ; Erkanli, A. ( 1995 ) . Children ‘s mental wellness service usage across service sectors. Health Affairs, 14, 147 Child and Family Guidance Center ( 2010 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //childrenandfamilies.info/index.php? option=com_content & A ; task=view & A ; id=29 & A ; Itemid=83 Cooper, W.O. , Lutenbaucher, M. , & A ; faccia, k. ( 2000 ) . Components of effectual yoth force bar plans for 7-to- 14- twelvemonth olds. Archivess of Pediatric and Adolescent medical specialty, 154. Durant, R.h. , Barkin, S. , & A ; Crowchuk, D.P. ( 2001 ) . Evaluation of a peaceable struggle declaration and force bar course of study for sixth- class pupils. Journal of Adolescent Helath, 19,111-117. Gallic, J. L. ( 1990 ) . History of school psychological science. In T.B. Gutkin & A ; C.R. Reynolds ( Eds. ) , The enchiridion of school psychological science ( 2nd erectile dysfunction, ; pp. 3-20 ) . New York ; John Wiley. Grinnell, Richard, & A ; Unrau, Yvonne. ( 2007 ) . Social work research and rating. Oxford University Press, USA. Fallick, A. , Morehouse, E. , Pierce, B. ( 2008 ) . Undertaking Success Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts To Strengthen Students. Implementation Manuel, Tarrytown: New york Hallfors, D. , Cho, H. , Sanchez, V. , Khatapoush, S. , Kim, H. M. , & A ; Bauer, D. ( 2006 ) . Efficacy V effectiveness test consequences of an indicated â€Å" theoretical account † substance maltreatment plan: Deductions for public wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2254-2259. Hoagwood, K. , & A ; Erwin, H. ( 1997 ) . Effectiveness of School-Based Mental Health Services for Children: A 10-Year Research Review. Journal of Child & A ; Family Studies, 6 ( 4 ) , 435-451. Retrieved from Education Research Complete database.v Krovetz, M.L. ( 1999 ) . Fostering resilience. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 28 ( 5 ) , 4. National Association of Social Workers ( NASW ) . ( 2002 ) . NASW criterions for school societal services. Wahing, DC: Writer. Nims, D.R. & A ; Hamm, M. ( 2006 July ) . Phoenix preferred attention: Mental wellness services to kids and striplings in rural Kentucky. Paper presented at the 31st National Institute on Social Work and Human Services in Rural Areas, Bowling Green, KY. Openshaw, Linda. ( 2007 ) . Social work in schools. The Guilford Press. Pawlak, E.J. , & A ; Vinter, R.d. ( 2004 ) . Planing and be aftering plans for non-profit-making and authorities organisations. San Francisco: Wiley. Shamblen, S. R. , & A ; Derzon, J. ( 2009 ) . A preliminary survey of the population-adjusted effectivity of substance maltreatment bar scheduling: Towards doing IOM plan types comparable. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 89-107.

Break Free Product Life Cycle

Most firms build their marketing strategies around the concept of the product life cycle–the idea that after introduction, products inevitably follow a course of growth, maturity, and decline. It doesn't have to be that way, says Harvard Business School marketing professor Youngme Moon. By positioning their products in unexpected ways, companies can change how customers mentally categorize them. In doing so, they can shift products lodged in the maturity phase back–and catapult new products forward–into the growth phase. The author describes three positioning strategies that marketers use to shift consumers' thinking. Reverse positioning strips away â€Å"sacred† product attributes while adding new ones (JetBlue, for example, withheld the expected first-class seating and in-flight meals on its planes while offering surprising perks like leather seats and extra legroom). Breakaway positioning associates the product with a radically different category (Swatch chose not to associate itself with fine jewelry and instead entered the fashion accessory category). And stealth positioning acclimates leery consumers to a new offering by cloaking the product's true nature (Sony positioned its less-than-perfect household robot as a quirky pet). Clayton Christensen described how new, simple technologies can upend a market. In an analogous way, these positioning strategies can exploit the vulnerability of established categories to new positioning. A company can use these techniques to go on the offensive and transform a category by demolishing its traditional boundaries. Companies that disrupt a category through positioning create a lucrative place to ply their wares–and can leave category incumbents scrambling.

Quests and Questions

Quests and Questions Quests and Questions Quests and Questions By Mark Nichol Many words with the letters que or qui stem from the Latin verb quaerere, which means â€Å"ask† or â€Å"seek,† and therefore pertain to questions and quests. This post lists and discusses such words. Quest was originally synonymous with inquest (literally, â€Å"search in†), which refers to a legal investigation, but the former word came to apply generally to any search or mission. Now, quest is often associated with chivalric adventures or related journeys in fantasy literature. (Bequest, referring to an act of providing for someone in a will, is the noun form of bequeath and is unrelated.) Question originally referred to a problem of philosophy or theology but later, by association, pertained to anything intended to prompt an answer or a discussion and came to serve as a verb as well. An act of interrogation is a questioning, someone who questions is a questioner, and an act of a dubious nature (which would prompt observers to question the actor’s morals or motives) is questionable. Query is synonymous with question as both a noun and a verb. Querent, likewise, is a synonym for questioner but usually in the context of someone who seeks astrological insight; it is rare. To inquire is to ask, and an act of asking is an inquiry; the latter word is also synonymous with inquest. (The variations enquire and enquiry are associated with British English but are sometimes used by writers in the United States.) Inquisition has the stronger sense of an interrogation; the adjectival form inquisitive implies mere curiosity, but it usually has the connotation of excessive interest. An investigation may also be referred to as a disquisition, although this term may alternatively refer to a long speech. Request also means â€Å"ask† as well as â€Å"something asked,† and originally was synonymous with the related verb require, but the latter term came to refer to asking something with the expectation that it must be answered; this imperative sense is matched in the noun form requirement. Something requisite is required in the sense of â€Å"necessary,† and a requisition is an instance of asking for something considered essential. The noun and adjective prerequisite, which literally means â€Å"required beforehand,† is not to be confused with perquisite (â€Å"thing sought†), which is often abbreviated to perk in the sense of â€Å"benefits of employment or membership.† Terms that may not appear to be related but are include the verb acquire (â€Å"earn† or â€Å"gain,† from the sense â€Å"seek to obtain†) and its adjectival forms acquired and acquisitive and noun form acquisition, the verb conquer (â€Å"search for†) and its noun form conquest (and the English and Spanish actor nouns conqueror and conquistador), and the adjective exquisite (literally, â€Å"carefully sought†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Excited ABOUT, not "for" Parataxis and Hypotaxis

The Grudge, give a review of 2004 film.

The Grudge, give a review of 2004 film. In the tradition of "Ringu" (which shares producer Taka Ichise), Japanese horror has emerged as popular fodder for American remakes. Here Takashi Shimizu re-imagines the third film from his own "Ju-On" franchise, which started out as a straight-to-video series but quickly ended up in Japanese theatrical release thanks to word-of-mouth. Although the two movies are at times strikingly similarsome of Shimizu's sets and even shots are constructed exactly the samethe American version had the budget for slicker special effects and has clarified the non-linear plot for an audience that requires a more definitive resolution.Karen (Sarah Michelle Gellar, who's already battled her share of supernatural creepy-crawlies in TV's "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and the "Scooby-Doo" franchise) is an American exchange student studying social work in Tokyo who agrees to fill in for a nurse who hasn't shown up for her shift. When she makes the house call, she finds the elderly American woman in her care ca tatonic in a house that is deserted and disheveled.Gellar in Dubai in December 2004.What she discovers next is the metaphysical incarnation of the Japanese belief that when someone dies on the grip of a powerful rage, a curse is left behind, infecting anyone who comes in contact with it.Gellar is billed as the flick's above-the-line star, but the truth is "The Grudge" is more of an ensemble piece that consists of several storylines of which she is not the center, including one featuring Bill Pullman. Shimizu retained "Ju-On's" Japanese setting but, in order to appeal to American audiences, peopled many of the main characters with American facesa device that feels contrived even while adding an interesting thematic layer about the alienation of living abroad.What worked about the original remains intactthat freaky-deaky signature sound effect and specters who aren't apparitions but rather corporeal, including the...

Biography of Pancho Villa -- The Centaur of the North

Biography of Pancho Villa The Centaur of the North Pancho Villa (1878-1923) was a Mexican bandit, warlord and revolutionary. One of the most important figures of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), he was a fearless fighter, clever military commander and important power broker during the years of conflict. His vaunted Division of the North was, at one time, the strongest army in Mexico and he was instrumental in the downfall of both Porfirio Dà ­az and Victoriano Huerta. When the alliance of Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n finally defeated him, he responded by waging a guerrilla war which included an attack on Columbus, New Mexico. He was assassinated in 1923. Early Years Pancho Villa was born Doroteo Arango to a family of impoverished sharecroppers who worked land belonging to the wealthy and powerful Là ³pez Negrete family in the state of Durango. According to legend, when young Doroteo caught one of the Là ³pez Negrete clan trying to rape his sister Martina, he shot him in the foot and fled to the mountains. There he joined a band of outlaws and soon rose to a position of leadership through his bravery and ruthlessness. He earned good money as a bandit and gave some if it back to the poor, which earned him a reputation as a sort of Robin Hood. Revolution Breaks Out The Mexican Revolution broke out in 1910 when Francisco I. Madero, who had lost a crooked election to dictator Porfirio Dà ­az, declared himself president and called for the people of Mexico to take up arms. Arango, who had changed his name to Pancho Villa (after his grandfather) by then, was one who answered the call. He brought his bandit force with him and soon became one of the most powerful men in the north as his army swelled. When Madero returned to Mexico from exile in the United States in 1911, Villa was the one who welcomed him. Villa knew he was no politician but he saw promise in Madero and vowed to take him to Mexico City. The Campaign Against Dà ­az The corrupt regime of Porfirio Dà ­az was still entrenched in power, however. Villa soon gathered an army around him, including an elite cavalry unit. Around this time he earned the nickname â€Å"the Centaur of the North† because of his riding skill. Along with fellow warlord Pascual Orozco, Villa controlled the north of Mexico, defeating federal garrisons and capturing towns. Dà ­az might have been able to handle Villa and Orozco, but he also had to worry about the guerrilla forces of Emiliano Zapata in the south, and before too long it was evident that Dà ­az could not defeat the enemies arrayed against him. He left the country in April of 1911, and Madero entered the capital in June, triumphant. In Defense of Madero Once in office, Madero quickly got into trouble. Remnants of the Dà ­az regime despised him, and he alienated his allies by not honoring his promises to them. Two key allies he turned against him were Zapata, who was disappointed to see that Madero had little interest in land reform, and Orozco, who had hoped in vain that Madero would give him a lucrative post, such as state governor. When these two men once again took up arms, Madero called on Villa, his only remaining ally. Along with General Victoriano Huerta, Villa fought and defeated Orozco, who was forced into exile in the United States. Madero could not see those enemies closest to him, however, and Huerta, once back in Mexico City, betrayed Madero, arrested him and ordered him executed before setting himself up as president. Campaign Against Huerta Villa had believed in Madero and was devastated by his death. He quickly joined an alliance of Zapata and revolution newcomers Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n dedicated to removing Huerta. By then, Villas Division of the North was the most powerful and feared military unit in the nation and his soldiers numbered in the tens of thousands. Huerta was surrounded and outnumbered, even though Orozco had returned and joined him, bringing his army with him. Villa led the fight against Huerta, defeating federal forces in cities all over northern Mexico. Carranza, a former governor, named himself Chief of the Revolution, which irritated Villa although he accepted it. Villa did not want to be president, but he did not like Carranza. Villa saw him as another Porfirio Dà ­az and wanted someone else to lead Mexico once Huerta was out of the picture. In May of 1914, the way was clear for an attack on the strategic town of Zacatecas, where there was a major railway junction that could carry the revolutionaries right into Mexico City. Villa attacked Zacatecas on June 23. The Battle of Zacatecas was a huge military victory for Villa: barely a few hundred out of 12,000 federal soldiers survived. After the loss at Zacatecas, Huerta knew his cause was lost and tried to surrender to gain some concessions, but the allies would not let him off the hook so easily. Huerta was forced to flee, naming an interim president to rule until Villa, Obregà ³n, and Carranza reached Mexico City. Villa Versus Carranza With Huerta gone, hostilities between Villa and Carranza broke out almost immediately. A number of delegates from the leading figures of the revolution got together at the Convention of Aguascalientes in October of 1914, but the interim government put together at the convention did not last and the country was once again embroiled  in a civil war. Zapata remained holed up in Morelos, only fighting those who ventured onto his turf, and Obregà ³n decided to support Carranza, mostly because he felt Villa was a loose cannon and Carranza was the lesser of two evils. Carranza set himself up as  President of Mexico  until elections could take place and sent Obregà ³n and his army after the rebellious Villa. At first, Villa and his generals, such as  Felipe Angeles, scored decisive victories against Carranza. But in April, Obregà ³n brought his army north and lured Villa into a fight.  The Battle of Celaya took place from April 6-15, 1915 and was a huge victory for Obregà ³n. Villa limped away but Obregà ³n chased him and the two fought at the Battle of Trinidad (April 29-June 5, 1915). Trinidad was another huge loss for Villa and the once-mighty Division of the North was in tatters. In October, Villa crossed the mountains into Sonora, where he hoped to defeat Carranzas forces and regroup. During the crossing, Villa lost Rodolfo Fierro, his most loyal  officer, and cruel hatchet man. Carranza had reinforced Sonora, however, and Villa was defeated. He was forced to cross back into Chihuahua with what was left of his army. By December, it was evident to Villas officers that Obregà ³n and Carranza had won: most of the Division of the North accepted an offer of amnesty and switched sides. Villa himself headed into the mountains with 200 men, determined to keep fighting. The Guerrilla Campaign and the Attack on Columbus Villa had officially gone rogue. His army down to a couple of hundred men, he resorted to banditry to keep his men supplied with food and ammunition. Villa became increasingly  erratic and blamed the Americans for his losses in Sonora. He detested  Woodrow Wilson  for recognizing the Carranza government and began harassing any and all Americans that crossed his path. On the morning of March 9, 1916, Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico, with 400 men. The plan was to defeat the small garrison and make off with weapons and ammunition as well as to rob the bank and get revenge on one Sam Ravel, an American arms dealer who had once double-crossed Villa and a Columbus resident. The attack failed on every level: the American garrison was much stronger than Villa had suspected, the bank went unrobbed, and Sam Ravel had gone to El Paso. Still, the fame Villa gained by having the guts to attack a town in the United States gave him a new lease on life. Recruits once again joined his army and word of his deeds  was  spread far and wide, often romanticized in song. The Americans sent  General Jack Pershing  into Mexico after Villa. On March 15, he took 5,000 American soldiers across the border. This action became known as the â€Å"Punitive Expedition† and it was a fiasco. Finding the elusive Villa proved next to impossible and logistics were a nightmare. Villa was wounded in a skirmish in late March and spent two months recovering alone in a hidden cave: he dispersed his men into small squads and told them to fight on while he healed. When he came out, many of his men had been killed, including some of his best officers. Undaunted, he took again to the hills, fighting both the Americans and Carranzas forces. In June, there was a confrontation between Carranzas forces and the Americans just south of Ciudad Jurez. Cool heads prevented another war between Mexico and the United States, but it was clear that it was time for Pershing to leave. By early 1917 all American forces had left Mexico, and Villa was still at large. After Carranza Villa remained in the hills and mountains of northern Mexico, attacking small federal garrisons and eluding capture until  1920 when the political situation changed. In 1920, Carranza backed off a promise to support Obregà ³n for president. This was a fatal mistake, as Obregà ³n still had much support in many sectors of society, including the army. Carranza, fleeing Mexico City, was assassinated on May 21, 1920. The death of Carranza was an opportunity for  Pancho Villa. He began negotiations with the government to disarm and stop fighting. Although Obregà ³n was against it, Provisional President Adolfo de la Huerta saw it as an opportunity and brokered a deal with Villa in July. Villa was granted a large hacienda, where many of his men joined him, and his veterans were all given mustering-out pay and an amnesty was declared for Villa, his  officers, and men.  Eventually, even Obregà ³n saw the wisdom of peace with Villa and honored the deal. Death of Villa Obregà ³n was elected President of Mexico in September of 1920, and he began the work of rebuilding the nation.  Villa,  retired to his hacienda in Canutillo, began farming and ranching. Neither man forgot about one another, and the people never forgot Pancho Villa: how could they, when the songs about his daring and cleverness were still sung up and down Mexico? Villa kept a low profile and was seemingly friendly with Obregà ³n, but soon the new president decided the time had come to get rid of Villa once and for all. On July 20, 1923, Villa was  gunned down as he drove a car  in the town of Parral. Although he was never directly implicated in the killing, it is clear that Obregà ³n gave the order, perhaps because he feared Villas interference (or possible candidacy) in the 1924 elections. Pancho Villas Legacy The people of Mexico were devastated to hear of Villas death: he was still a folk hero for his defiance of the Americans, and he was seen as a possible savior from the harshness of the Obregà ³n administration. The ballads continued to be sung and even those who had hated him in life mourned his death. Over the years, Villa has continued to evolve into a mythological figure. Mexicans have forgotten his role in the bloody Revolution, forgotten his massacres and executions and robberies. All that is left is his daring, cleverness and defiance, which continue to be celebrated by many Mexicans in art,  literature, and film. Perhaps it is better this way: Villa himself certainly would have approved. Source: McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

Critique The Mommy Tax by Ann Crittenden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique The Mommy Tax by Ann Crittenden - Essay Example Notably, Crittenden’s perspectives in regards to this statement extend beyond these earlier considerations as she additionally argues that this income disparity is linked to the women’s role as potential mother. She argues that one of the central desires of the workplace is have workers that are entirely unencumbered so that they can be entirely devoted to their employment. Women then present a challenge to this paradigm as if they have or may children they could be hindered in their job duties. For Crittenden then this constitutes a ‘mommy tax’. She believes that social activists should address this added tax in pro-active ways. Crittenden further criticizes this income disparity from a variety of perspectives. She articulates her own experience having children and having lost out of a significant amount of income. Additionally she notes that individuals in the highest paying jobs face the great challenges as they have the most skill and responsibility considerations. She notes that such distinctions between men and women have existed at least as early as the Bible. In current practice they take on a significant amount of importance as women who are childless make more than women who have children. There are a number of further contributing elements that researchers have identified. One considers that oftentimes workplaces refrain from paying maternity leave. Oftentimes mother’s work part time and are believed to have a recreational attitude towards work. Ultimately, Crittenden argues that the government should extend financial benefits towards mother, as well develop a more comprehensive take on anti-discriminatory practices. While Crittenden’s recognition that there is a tax on mothers in the work place is valid, it seems that such a tax is an in-born part of the financial system. In these regards, mothers truly do contribute less than individuals that are less encumbered by

Ikea company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ikea company - Case Study Example Through an integrated marketing communication approach, a consistent message will be delivered to the customers. Being an international company IKEA should adopt a globalised approach however, because of significant impact of culture in furniture industry, localised advertisement approach will be selected. The localisation approach can create consistency problems for IKEA (Wells, Burnett, & Moriarty, 2006). To keep the consistency in message while focusing on localised approach, it will be ensured that message of the ad conveyed through different mediums has significant consistency in its content, positioning of brand and feel of the ad. Therefore, advertisements for all mediums will be developed in consideration to target market, brand positioning etc. To target the diverse customer segments the primary media for IKEA will be Television. TV advertisements can convey the mood and image of the brand to develop an emotional appeal (Belch & Belch, 2003) therefore, TV is the most suitable broadcast media. Secondly, booklets of IKEA’s products can be printed which can be distributed via direct mail to the potential customers. Moreover, these booklets can be also made available at

Critically discus Visit Scotland Organisation and its contribution to Essay

Critically discus Visit Scotland Organisation and its contribution to the development of Scottish tourism in the past ten years - Essay Example These organisations play a fundamental role in development of tourism products within different markets. This article presents an analysis of the national tourism agency for Scotland; VisitScotland. The article identifies the numerous approaches the organisation has pursued in development of tourism within the country, and the result of these strategies on the tourism industry in Scotland. The report provides several recommendations that could enhance the impact of the organisation on the tourism activities occurring within the country. Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Methodology 3 Background of Visit Scotland 3 Findings 4 Partnerships 4 Marketing 6 Provision of information 7 Quality and sustainability 7 Discussions 8 Recommendations 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction VisitScotland is the Scottish national tourism agency that undertakes the role of marketing the country as a tourist destination in the world. The organisation is a gover nment funded public body that plays a significant role in coordinating various stakeholders within the tourism industry, in Scotland. The organisation has continuously been actively involved in the development projects of many tourism-based investments within the country. ... These activities have provided significant impacts in the development of tourism activities within the country; consequently contributing to economic improvement through sustainable tourism activities (Yeoman, para 1). Methodology The research gathered in this report was taken from various literatures available online. Journal articles and books have also been utilised in gaining an objective perspective of the organisation. Background of Visit Scotland Visit Scotland is an executive public body in Scotland, which coordinates tourism activities in Scotland and acts as the national tourism agency. The organisation operates from head offices located in Edinburgh, Scotland as well as other locations across the country (VisitScotland, para 1). The organisation was established in 1969 as the Scottish Tourism Board, and has continued to undertake tourism related activities since inception. The organisation is charged with the responsibility of attracting visitors to the country; an ope ration it undertakes through advertising, promotional campaigns and many other approaches. The organisation works closely with VisitBritain, a similar organisation with similar tasks across the entire Britain. The organisation coordinates tourism-marketing activities within the country, and seeks to ensure sustainability of the tourism sector within the country (Yeoman, Galt, and Mcmahon-Beattie, 14). Findings The organisation has been fundamental in the sustainability of tourism activities within the country for many years. The presence of the organisations remains essential in the tourism activities undertaken through the country. The organisation has over

Walmart Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Walmart Business Success - Essay Example The essay "Walmart Business Success" talks about the rise of Walmart in American business arena. It is the largest private company in the US and employs over 2 million people. Since its inception in 1962, the company has risen through the economic and social thickets to become the largest retail store in the world. The rise of Walmart during the post war economic climate can be attributed to the aspect of technology and innovations in the business sector. Logically, technological logistics played a substantial role in bolstering and streamlining the business activities practiced by Walmart stores. However, the integration of capitalism and some social values like ethics and religion contributed immensely to the rise of the retail store. Walmart’s management appreciated the aspects of the free enterprise, Christianity and family values in the company’s business activities. These aspects of capitalism and social responsibility could be seen in their production, supply and the employment relationship to the larger southern population of the American community. Degradation of American capitalism during the World War 2 affected the south. The post-war economic climate created resource imbalance within the state whereby the north dominated productivity while the majority of the south got disadvantaged. Walmart undertook to rejuvenate capitalism and address economic injustices experienced by the rural population. The store’s management implemented the values of Christianity, family values, and the free market. and free market in their business relationships with the society (Moreton 87). Free enterprise refers to an economic state where the forces of supply and demand influence business activities. According to Moreton, the consumer population follows the availability of the desired products in the market. In addition, the demand forces and the necessity level of those products in their lives influence their consumer behavior. In the context of Wa lmart, the stores embraced the need of employing free market policies in their production lines protected by the capitalistic state of US economy. Though capitalism was part the US economic pillars, the consequences of World War 2 affected its operation. Based on this, Walmart moved to meet the demands of the society' members residing in the rural areas including other members concerned with the issue of free enterprise. As a result, the forces of demand guided the production and supply lines of the store. Walmart strived to avail exactly what the consumers required at economically friendly prices. Walmart allocated some resources to marketing research exercises meant to provide the actual picture of the consumer demands in each market segment. Upon identification of their needs, the stores responded by availing the goods to the population. In addition to the practices of free enterprise, Walmart left the forces of supply and demand to guide their pricing activities. Consequently, t he capitalistic aligned members of the society embraced the free enterprise practices of the company (Moreton 45). The rural population liked the free market activities of the company; hence the

Read 2 article and write about society, deception, with mal fromat Essay

Read 2 article and write about society, deception, with mal fromat - Essay Example Mairs, who is a self described â€Å"cripple† relates to her experience of shame and defiance with ability politics in her life. Both of these authors show very different ways of dealing with their society, a society they find treats them unjustly. Williams essentially refutes and fights against her society, opting out of it as a way of countering it, while Mairs uses her own society’s tools against it, co-opting its language and mechanisms in an effort to make room for herself in it. Williams lives in a society that â€Å"respects authority† to a fault (Williams). They found it impossible to fight against the federal government of the United States for dropping bombs upwind of where they live – they did attempt to make a law suit, but not to be â€Å"against the government† but only to help ensure similar things would not happen in the future (Williams). She grew incredibly frustrated by this style of acting, and decided that it was important to fight against injustice, against authority, even if it meant giving up who she was. She found a way of fighting through leaving, through flanking. She reverted to her roots of Native American heritage, using it to attack the principles of land-hatred and disregard that had so plagued her family. She shows a method of pushing against a society from the outside. Mairs takes a highly different approach. She sees herself as part of society, and uses the society she lives in to attack it, and push on it, in a different way. She calls herself a â€Å"cripple,† a word that she finds appealing because it is â€Å"straightforward† and â€Å"honest† (Mairs). She uses this language to bluntly point out to society how they see her – not giving them the recourse of equally derogatory words (once critically examined) like disabled or handicapped. Thus Mairs is able to confront society with its own vision of herself, and make society face it – this is

Walmart Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Walmart Business Success - Essay Example The essay "Walmart Business Success" talks about the rise of Walmart in American business arena. It is the largest private company in the US and employs over 2 million people. Since its inception in 1962, the company has risen through the economic and social thickets to become the largest retail store in the world. The rise of Walmart during the post war economic climate can be attributed to the aspect of technology and innovations in the business sector. Logically, technological logistics played a substantial role in bolstering and streamlining the business activities practiced by Walmart stores. However, the integration of capitalism and some social values like ethics and religion contributed immensely to the rise of the retail store. Walmart’s management appreciated the aspects of the free enterprise, Christianity and family values in the company’s business activities. These aspects of capitalism and social responsibility could be seen in their production, supply and the employment relationship to the larger southern population of the American community. Degradation of American capitalism during the World War 2 affected the south. The post-war economic climate created resource imbalance within the state whereby the north dominated productivity while the majority of the south got disadvantaged. Walmart undertook to rejuvenate capitalism and address economic injustices experienced by the rural population. The store’s management implemented the values of Christianity, family values, and the free market. and free market in their business relationships with the society (Moreton 87). Free enterprise refers to an economic state where the forces of supply and demand influence business activities. According to Moreton, the consumer population follows the availability of the desired products in the market. In addition, the demand forces and the necessity level of those products in their lives influence their consumer behavior. In the context of Wa lmart, the stores embraced the need of employing free market policies in their production lines protected by the capitalistic state of US economy. Though capitalism was part the US economic pillars, the consequences of World War 2 affected its operation. Based on this, Walmart moved to meet the demands of the society' members residing in the rural areas including other members concerned with the issue of free enterprise. As a result, the forces of demand guided the production and supply lines of the store. Walmart strived to avail exactly what the consumers required at economically friendly prices. Walmart allocated some resources to marketing research exercises meant to provide the actual picture of the consumer demands in each market segment. Upon identification of their needs, the stores responded by availing the goods to the population. In addition to the practices of free enterprise, Walmart left the forces of supply and demand to guide their pricing activities. Consequently, t he capitalistic aligned members of the society embraced the free enterprise practices of the company (Moreton 45). The rural population liked the free market activities of the company; hence the

There is no set topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

There is no set topic - Research Paper Example The poem has four stanzas, each of eight lines, which follow a rhyming scheme of abababcd. There are many imageries employed in the poem as the poet compares his old being with â€Å"a paltry thing† and â€Å"A tattered coat upon a stick†. According to the poet, he is an old creature who has no value and is like a torn coat hanging on a stick. His existence is all ragged because of the long time that he has passed in this world but Byzantium is full of youth and inspires him with its youthfulness. He further elaborates his situation and says, According to Yeats, his soul is â€Å"fastened to a dying animal† and that is his body. He describes that he is old and his body is no more young, however, his soul is youthful and is â€Å"sick with desire†. According to Rukhaya (2010), â€Å"It now seems like an alien to himself incompatible with his aged body†. His body is alien to him, as he wants to get rid of it because of his youthful soul. Yeats shows infatuation with the idea of gold and gold creations as he mentions gold a number of times in the poem as he uses the words, â€Å"gold mosaic†, â€Å"hammered gold†, â€Å"gold enamelling† and â€Å"golden bough†. Yeats uses a number of symbols in â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† such as â€Å"Byzantium† (Holy City), â€Å"dying animal† (old man), â€Å"mortal dress† (human body) and gold made bird by â€Å"Grecian goldsmiths. Franke (1998) says, â€Å"One of the most powerful and richly poetic of all Yeats’ unifying symbols is the Sacred City of Byzantium† (25).Byzantium that is used as a holy land by Yeats is itself a poetic symbol employed by him. The word, â€Å"Byzantium† stands for ancient art and what is manmade. Yeats shows inspiration for Byzantium because of its association with Greek world and artistic vigor found in the land. Byzantium is depicted as an eternal land. The poem Sailing to Byzantium by W.B. Yeats,

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The Passion of the Christ Essay On February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ film was released. The film is based on Jesus’ arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the film is historically accurate, although there are some fictional events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the use of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. According to author B. A. Robinson, â€Å"Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish priests, and lacking in confidence. † After viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was essentially morally neutral in the events of Jesus’ execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the pressure of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172). According to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the people and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). â€Å"In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). † Several critics were troubled by the film’s explicitly detailed violence and further criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus’ execution, instead of his religious teachings. A number of the scenes which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to â€Å"flesh† out the movie and extend the film to a feature length include: the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no apparent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is tormented by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus’ flogging (Robinson). Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus; further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, â€Å"The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus’ final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. † Before the film was even released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private screening of a pre-release version of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is missing in the film is the canonical line from John’s gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the nation be saved; had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could have underscored the similarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped defuse the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson). Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich; The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more information about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a problem because it sets up another authority alongside the Bible. Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did remain broadly faithful to the Bible’s narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregations set up tables at the theaters to provide answers and prayers to viewers.

The Water Storage Reservoirs Environmental Sciences Essay

The Water Storage Reservoirs Environmental Sciences Essay This report primarily focuses on two main reservoirs in Melbourne Sugarloaf and Cardinia Reservoir. It also describes the general problem of distribution of potable water to Melbourne and the measures proposed to overcome this problem. There are ten main reservoirs which distributes water to the Melbourne city and other surrounding areas. These ten reservoirs have a combined capacity of 1,812,175 million litres of water. The sediments in the catchment water stored in the storage reservoirs settle down to the bottom of the reservoir. The impact of natural sunlight will help to disinfect the settled water. Melbournes largest reservoir is the Thomson Reservoir. It contributes to 60% of Melbournes total reservoir storage capacity. Cardinia, Sugarloaf, Yan Yean and Greenvale are the only reservoirs with no catchment. They get water from other sources. Whereas the other reservoirs like Thomson, Upper Yarra, Silvan, Tarago, Maroondah and OShannassy receives water from the catchment areas. All these reservoirs are interconnected like a web link network. In case of any emergencies like bush fire, water from one reservoir can be transferred to another. Thus, protecting and saving the water from debris and other contaminants. Table 1: Water Storage level (Source ) Figure 1: Water storage graph (Source ) The above graph shows the water level of the reservoirs from 2009 to 2012. Compared to the previous years, it can be clearly seen that the water level in 2012 has increased to 70%. During the first half of the year, the water storage level has decreased drastically. On the other hand, the water level storage for the second half of the year has increased as compared to the first half. 1.1 Cardinia Reservoir Cardinia is the second largest reservoir in Melbourne with a total water storage capacity of 286,911 mega litres and is situated in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The construction of the reservoir commenced in May 1970 and completed in 1973 with a cost of more than AUD11.4 million dollars. Cardinia receives water through the pipeline from Silvan Reservoir, which is the fifth largest. It was constructed as rolled earth fill and rock fill embankment. Maximum height of the main dam from the river to crest is 85 metres. Length measured along the top of the dam is 1,542 metres. This includes main bank only. The saddle dams have an additional crest length of 2,841 metres. The Surface area of top water level is 1,295 hectares. The current water holding of this reservoir as of 3rd July 2012 is 219,724 mega litres, which is 76.6% full. Cardinia supplies water to Melbournes southern and south-eastern suburbs, and the Mornington Peninsula. 1.2 Sugarloaf Reservoir Sugarloaf Reservoir is the fourth largest of all among the ten, located in northeast of Melbourne. It was completed in 1981 and constructed as rolled rock fill embankment with upstream concrete face. Its total capacity is 96,253 mega litres. Area of the catchment is 915 hectares off stream storage. Maximum height of the main dam from the river to crest is 89 metres. The length measured along the top of the dam is 1,050 metres. This includes main bank only. The saddle dams have an extra length of 690 metres. The Surface area of top water level is 440 hectares. The current water holding of this reservoir is 94,514 mega litres as of 3rd July 2012, which is 98.2% full. The water feeds the northern, western and central suburbs. In February 2010, the North South Pipeline from the Goulburn River was connected to the main reservoir. 2.0 SOURCE OF WATER Cardinia and Sugarloaf reservoir, both has no catchment, but the water is transferred to it by other sources. A catchment is an area that catches the rainfall water and directs to a river, creek, reservoir or gutter. The water catchments are sent to the reservoirs that provide drinking water. There are two types of catchments closed or forested catchment and open catchment. Around 80% of the drinking water comes from the closed water catchments in the Yarra Ranges. About 20% of Melbournes water comes from open catchments. The water from open catchment is pumped to the water treatment system, and the filtered water is distributed to the household. Melbourne has protected water catchments i.e. public are not allowed to enter inside the protected area. The Sugarloaf reservoir receives water from Yering Gorge pumping station which can extract water from the Yarra River, including water released from Maroondah and OShannassy. It also receives water from Goulburn River via North- South pipeline. This is operated only in critical times. Water leaving from Sugarloaf Reservoir is treated and purified at Winneke Treatment Plant. The water will leave from this plant only if it meets the required standard for drinking. The Cardinia Reservoir receives water from the Silvan Reservoir and nearby Wonthaggi Desalination Plant. It is used to stockpile water for Melbourne. The recent bush fire contaminated over 30% of water in Melbourne. At this time, most of the water was transferred to Cardinia Reservoir. The water from Cardinia flows out to other service reservoirs for household distribution. 3.0 WINNEKE TREATMENT PLANT The Winneke treatment plant plays a prominent role in Melbournes water supply system. It was commissioned in November 1980, and it was the first time that fully treated water was introduced into the water supply system. More than 50% of Melbournes water is treated and purified at Winneke Treatment Plant. The plant is located 32 kilometres northeast of Melbourne at Sugarloaf Reservoir in Christmas Hills. The Sugarloaf Reservoir is one in ten reservoirs in Melbourne and is the fourth largest. The water requires full treatment process as it is not received from the protected catchment areas. The water comes into the plant from three main different sources- the Maroondah Reservoir by the Maroondah aqueduct and Yering Gorge pumping station, Yarra River by Yering Gorge pumping station and Goulburn River by the North-South pipeline. 3.1 Water Treatment Process overview Water treatment process involves coagulation, clarification, filtration, disinfection and pH correction (chlorination) and fluoridation. The water is passed through 14 sand filters before being added with chlorine, lime and fluoride. The filtered water is distributed only if it meets the Australian standard for drinking. Untitled.png Figure 2: Winneke Process Flow Diagram (Source) 3.1.1 Coagulation Untreated water is pumped from the Sugarloaf Reservoir to the Winneke inlet control structure. At this stage, lime and aluminium sulphate (alum) is added. The alum acts as a coagulant, which will suspend solids and other microorganisms to form larger particles. 3.1.2 Clarification The water then flows through an underground channel to a water distribution chamber. The water is sent to one of five sludge blanket clarifiers and polyelectrolyte injected to promote flocculation and sedimentation processes. Water is circulated in the clarifiers for 3 to 4 hours. The clarifiers improve the coherence and entrapment of the suspended solids and thus eliminate the colour from the water. Solid particles are separated from the raw water as settled water and sludge. 3.1.3 Filtration The settled water is delivered through concrete channels to 14 gravity filters (Sand filters). This will remove most of the remaining suspended solids. Each filter is a rectangular concrete structure with a bed of sand supported on a layer of pebbles. 3.1.4 Chlorination The water comes out of the filter is disinfected by the process called chlorination. A small amount of chlorine is added to disinfect the filtered water which will eliminate the residual microorganisms. This will help to kill bacteria and other micro organisms which spread waterborne diseases. Drinking water typically contains 0.2 milligram per litre (mg/l) 1.6 mg/l of chlorine. Lime is added to maintain the alkalinity and acidity (pH) level. The treated water flows into a large enclosed storage reservoir which is located adjacent to the treatment plant. This reservoir act as buffer storage and the water is released according to the needs. 3.1.5 Fluoridation Fluoride is added in small quantities to prevent tooth decay. Natural water contains concentrations up to 1MG/L (milligram per litre) of fluoride. Fluoride is a naturally occurring substance in rocks, soils and plants. Fluoride is added to drinking water at a concentration of approximately  0.7MG/L or less than 1 part per million. The left over debris from the plant is recycled for bike paths and building roads. 4.0 MELBOURNE WATER Melbourne Water is owned by Victoria Company. It maintains all aspects from water collection to distribution. A complex interconnected pipeline system distributes water from Melbournes main water storage reservoirs to the three retail business water companies and to their customers. Melbourne Water operates and maintains around 157,000 hectares of protected catchments in the Yarra Ranges. It has main ten water storage reservoirs and distributes to around 1,062 kilometres. It has 214 kilometres of aqueducts with 65 service reservoirs and 42 water treatment plants. 4.1 Water collection and distribution 4.1.1 Collection Majority of Melbournes water catchment is located in the forest areas of Yarra ranges. These forests capture and filter rainwater as it flows across the land into streams and then to the reservoirs. 4.1.2 Distribution From the main reservoir storages, through large pipes the water flow to the service reservoirs by gravity. There are about 55 service reservoirs, which is stored only for one or two days. These reservoirs will ensure that a constant supply of water during the peak demanding periods. From the service reservoirs, water flows down again by the gravity through smaller underground pipelines to households and businesses by the water retail network of pipes. Water pressure is adjusted so that all households receive water at all times. 5.0 Yarra River The Yarra River upstream of Warrandyte is the main source of Melbournes water supply. The progressive development of water supply infrastructure in Melbourne is driven primarily by population growth. The growth in consumption is been made possible by ever increasing abstractions from the Yarra catchment upstream. Water harvesting has caused flows in the Yarra River to be much less than they would otherwise be. Larger dams restrict the sediment flow down of the rivers. Another major issue with the removal of water from the Yarra River is the change in the echo system and diversion in river path. 6.0 Methods of providing Potable water A number of possible alternative water supply options have been put forward to extend the water supply to Melbourne and its surrounding areas into the future. These include: Desalination (Wonthaggi Desalination) Recycling water Rain/ storm water catchment Dual pipe recycling Upgrade of Sewage treatment plant Sugarloaf Pipeline Project Management of current water supplies (restrictions and public awareness ) Raising the height of the dam Re-opening past water sources for the sole purpose of water supply Construction of new dams Melbournes water resource is large enough to feed the entire population in the city. Water is available for urban use from the north east catchments of Melbourne. Building a new dam to collect water from the Thomson/Macalister, Latrobe or Mitchell basins is the most cost-effective approach. This can be a blessing for the Gippsland farmers. This should be the preferred approach. Water can also be brought from north of the Great Divide with the Sugarloaf scheme, but this would be a costly approach. The stormwater collection in Greenfield urban area is another option. Rainwater tanks have a higher capacity than urban stormwater collection but are inefficient and enforce unnecessary costs on the new house developments where they are mandatory and on the taxpayer where the tanks are subsidized. Regulations requiring their installation should be removed and subsidies to their installation should be discontinued. Similarly, the proposals for recycling of water from the Eastern Treatment Pla nt and for desalination should be rejected. The proposed Wonthaggi desalination plant, according to the estimates provided by the government, would result in excessive capital costs of $2 billion and significantly higher operating costs compared with making use of water from the catchment area. Various options for the Eastern Treatment Plant, including exchanging treated water for more harvesting from the Yarra, seem to be high cost approaches but could be further investigated. Modifying or increasing the release of flows from the reservoir and other points of regulation would prefer fewer benefits for in stream, riparian and wetland ecosystems than would measures to restore native vegetation, natural floodplain drainage patters or incentives or controls to improve the quality of discharge from agricultural and especially urban areas. Public awareness and cooperation are essential, as many of the actions which need to be taken to maintain or restore the ecosystem of the Yarra upstream of Warrandyte involve private land. 6.1 Conclusion The above methods of providing water for the future are all available but at a high cost to the taxpayer. The best option is to ensure that the all the measures implemented are well in place to organize and maintain its current resources. Climate change also has to be considered as this will have a negative impact on the ground water resource. Though ground water is replenished every year by the annual rain fall, figures are decreasing and evaporation rates rising as predicted under the CSIRO Climate Science. Public awareness is needed to ensure less wastage of water and maintain supply for the future.